Reviewed By Dr. Robert Barron, DMD
Reading Time: 3 minutes
White patches in the mouth are common, but they can have very different causes. Some are harmless and temporary, while others need a closer look from an oral surgeon. Knowing the difference helps you understand when monitoring is enough and when a professional evaluation is important.
Table of Contents
What Can Cause a White Patch in the Mouth
Not all white patches are the same. Some come from irritation, while others relate to infection or changes within the tissue. These are the conditions most commonly associated with white areas in the mouth.
Leukoplakia
Leukoplakia is a white patch that forms when the tissue thickens in response to long-term irritation. It does not wipe away and commonly appears on the cheeks, tongue, or gums. These areas are assessed to confirm the tissue is healthy and behaving normally.
Oral Thrush (Candidiasis)
Thrush is a yeast overgrowth that creates soft white patches on the tongue, palate, or inner cheeks. These patches often wipe away and leave the surface looking red. It develops more easily in people who have recently taken antibiotics, wear dentures, or have dry mouth or reduced immunity. Treatment focuses on clearing the infection and restoring balance in the mouth.
Oral Lichen Planus
Oral lichen planus produces thin, lacy white markings that can look like a fine network across the cheeks or tongue. Symptoms range from mild sensitivity to a burning sensation. Because it is a long-term inflammatory condition, the tissue is checked regularly to ensure it remains healthy.
Frictional Keratosis
Frictional keratosis occurs when the lining of the mouth thickens in response to repeated rubbing. This can happen from cheek biting, broken teeth, or irritation from dental appliances. Once the source of friction is removed, the area often improves on its own.
Canker Sores During Healing
Canker sores are small, round ulcers that form on the lips, cheeks, or under the tongue. They are tender, bordered by a red halo, and may develop a light or whitish center as they heal. Most resolve on their own, but any sore that lasts longer than expected should be evaluated.
Chemical and Thermal Burns
Contact with hot foods or strong substances can injure the surface layer of the mouth, leaving temporary white patches. As the area recovers, the top layer may peel or shed. Most burns heal quickly, but a persistent area should be checked.
Oral Cancer
Some early oral cancers appear as persistent white or mixed red-and-white patches that do not wipe away. These areas may have a firm or thickened surface, irregular borders, or ulceration. They can develop on the tongue, floor of the mouth, cheeks, or gums. A patch that changes in size, becomes firm, or lasts longer than two weeks should be assessed promptly.
Changes to Watch For
Some white patches need closer attention because they may reflect changes in the underlying tissue. A patch should be evaluated if you notice any of the following:
- It lasts longer than two weeks
- It does not wipe away
- It becomes thicker, larger, or changes shape
- It bleeds or develops an ulcerated surface
These changes do not confirm a serious condition, but they do indicate that an oral pathology examination is appropriate.
Oral Pathology in Vaughan, Ontario
If you have a white patch that lasts longer than two weeks or continues to look unusual, schedule an oral pathology evaluation at Concord Oral Surgery. Our team provides careful examinations and ongoing monitoring when needed.
To book an appointment at our oral surgery office in Vaughan, ON, call (905) 669-2616 or visit us at 3300 Highway 7 West, Suite 805 Vaughan, ON.
FAQs
Can a white patch be a sign of oral cancer?
Some early cancerous or precancerous lesions begin as white patches. A biopsy provides the most reliable answer and ensures timely treatment if needed.
What virus causes leukoplakia?
Leukoplakia does not come from a virus. It develops when the mouth reacts to chronic irritation such as tobacco, friction, or dental appliance rubbing.
What vitamin deficiency causes mouth patches?
Vitamin B12, folate, and iron deficiencies can create pale or patchy areas in the mouth. These deficiencies can affect the surface tissue and cause soreness or color change. Vitamin C deficiency can cause bleeding, red, and swollen gums.
